THE MISUNDERSTOOD GOD; GURU

 

The ancient scripts of India the Veda, Aagama, Upanishads and other scripts are the great source of the knowledge for Indians, perhaps to the world. Hindu culture has highest regard for GURU or Teacher. A person is inducted to the spirituality and knowledge by a guru but no one. The rituals of the induction are sacred and important in one's life in Hindu religion, it is called Deeksha. Since ancient times the Guru and Shishya (Teacher and Disciple) relation is sacred and well bonded as Guru guides disciple to acquire knowledge and achieve enlightenment. Though Guru is a highly learned soul however, guru is also a human being. The disciples acknowledge guru with highest regard and show utmost respect. However, some even consider guru as god because of the respect and regards they have for their guru. Guru is the source and guide to achieve enlightenment and realisation of god.

Love – Devotion -Worship: The highest form of love is devotion and peak of the devotion is worship. It can happen with anybody and with anything. The Sanatan dharma teaches us to worship entire nature as the nature is the source of life. We see god in plants, air, earth, water and fire. But it is not compulsive in sanatan tradition of our religion. The love for plants and trees turns into worship when realise the source of “Prana Vayu” is plants and trees. If one doesn't want to recognise this and doesn't follow then it is individual choice. As we see god in the form of nature and everything related to nature, it is obvious that we love, adore, respect and worship the teacher or Guru also as the Guru is the source of knowledge. Indians have highest regards and respect for Guru, even we refer the largest planet of our galaxy, Jupiter as GURU in Sanskrit shows the highest stature given to Guru in our tradition. Even our religion teaches us to respect the Woman as mother, first teacher or Guru, the love and respect for mother is unmatchable in Hindu tradition and the same culminates into worshiping Mother as god and we refer planet Earth as “Tayi” “Amma”, mother. It may not be the same with other religions in the world. The love and respect is an individual choice of gratitude, hence we respect guru and worship guru as god, neither it is expected nor portrayed  by guru.

Gratitude and human evolution: Worshiping Guru is highest form of gratitude Hindus develop and it is deep rooted in Hindu culture. If we closely look in to the human evolution we realise the reason behind it. Human beings are most sensible living beings in the universe, humans are evolved with empathy, love, care and humanity because of the ability to think and analyse unlike other animals in the universe. Humans are more attached to the things which are loved by them. Love can turn anything into precious. Hindus are close to the nature with tradition and rituals. Understanding the vulnerability of the nature and our dependency on it, Hindu religion cultivated a practice of loving nature and loving all valuable gifts to humanity. In order to achieve the basic, minimum and prosperous life Hindus developed the culture, rituals, behaviors, gratitude, etc., being very close to nature and love everything which was precious for human life. That’s is how the nature, earth, water, etc., are preserved and protected for centuries. We are witnessing the disaster and abuse on nature and mother earth is the result of absence of the above doctrine in the modern world. In the absence of the gratitude and love, humans destroying  the nature in such a way that no human can survive in the future if the same is continued. Hinduism and the Hindu doctrines are so in-depth, beyond just a religious practice. The Hindu dharma is just not a religion, it’s part of life. It is blend of knowledge, philosophy, agriculture, science, medicine, etc. All these things are well nurtured and part of common daily living practices which help humans heal physically and emotionally. Hinduism is a way of life towards harmony, love, health, spirituality and enlightenment. For all these knowledge one should be dependent on Guru, the knowledge is a free flowing energy only when it is given with complete will. Willingness to share the knowledge needs a bonding, a relation, love, gratitude and devotion.

Yes, it is possible only when a disciple is devoted to Guru, respects him, adores him and has gratitude. When such relation gets stronger it turns into worship, a disciple feels and worships a Guru like god. It is a disciple who chooses to worship a Guru because he sees such value in a person, otherwise Guru is just a teacher for others. The others also should look at him like a normal human being. Just because a person calls the guru or teacher god or worships him, one should not see him as god and compare with mythological godly characters depicted in the legends and stories and find faults in him.  It is not the fault of the guru, it is fault of the people if they compare him with god and try to find godly powers and attitude. It is wrong to compare a teacher or Guru to god and expect him to be as ideal as god. The problem is with people not with Gurus.

The Godman analogy: Now-a-days the terminology “Godman” is used abundantly in the media for all wrong reasons. The term is coined by the modern media and by so called intellectuals. A guru is a person who guides towards knowledge and enlightenment. For a disciple who sees value in the person accepts him as Guru and may worship him out of his respect, it is a private relation between two people. It is not a binding for others to follow the same. Calling a person Godman, then expect him to behave like god just to find faults and thrash him for not having godly gestures. This is wrong! Leave the Guru or the teacher to their disciples, do not interfere in their private affair.

Guru may be god for disciples, for others just a teacher. Other should just see the person as teacher not beyond that. Wrong thoughts, wrong expectations and wrong judgement leads to hatred. Conspiracy of bashing the Hindu Gurus just because large people see value in them is basically a insecurity of maligned mind.

Let Gurus do their job: Let the gurus do their work, do not make them god for your benefit and thrash them. Making them god against their will, aspiration and knowledge just to compare them to the unrealistic and unmatchable behaviors, powers and attitude of god. This act will make the Gurus or the teachers vulnerable for the misconception and misrepresentation in-front of the society without their knowledge. So please god sake no one has asked you to see the Gurus like gods, and expect the godly nature in them. See them as teacher and guide then there will be no unrealistic expectations. Leave them alone and do their job.

                                                                                By VijayG

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COVID_19 AND METAMORPHOSIS OF COURTS INTO VIRTUAL COURTS

CORONA or COVID_19 pandemic has brought the world on it's knees. There has been chaos in the world by Corona catastrophe on human beings. The highly infectious disease has changed the face of the communication of human beings with each other. It has changed the behavior, life style and attitude of human beings.  It also has changed the way the businesses run. Even the functioning of courts are not spared, the pandemic has got the Indian judiciary also stand still in the lock-down for some time. However, in this challenging situation the work of Judges, Lawyers and Employees of judiciary was commendable. However, in the changed scenario the functioning of the court cannot be normal. The change has arrived and judiciary has accepted the same with daily efforts and experiments in various stages of the case proceedings.  The e-courts concept was not new to the judiciary, however the pandemic has pushed it to be far more efficient with functioning of e-courts with E- Filing, Virtual appearance & hearing, etc.

              MEASURES FOR EFFECTIVE VIRTUAL COURTS

Better Infrastructure: For virtual court proceedings judiciary requires adequate, efficient and effective infrastructure. Either we need to be self-reliant by experts consultation or simply we can outsource it to the worlds renowned organisations who are highly skilled in the area. It requires huge data handling,  data security, efficient preserving of data and yet easily accessible. Some of the organisations handling government projects efficiently, viz., Defence, Passport process, Finance etc., in many countries.  In terms of courts as of now virtual proceedings are minimal. The E-Courts concept is a must in this era, it saves time, cost and human resource. The E- Court concept endorses the effective and speedy justice delivery system. Looking at the huge pendency of Indian Judiciary, the courts proceedings to be faster and effective if proper infrastructure is built. For effective virtual court proceedings we need strong and efficient infrastructure.

Data Management: The most important aspect of virtual courts or E-courts is the data management. The data could be huge in courts if E- Courts are properly implemented. With images, Text file like PDF, e-mails, voice messages, text messages, videos, etc. This data can be a huge burden on a normal server, the server needs to be customized and tailor made with the help of experts in the industry with sufficient consultation experience. Need optimum electronic storage, servers, data security and  electronic infrastructure.  Maintaining such data requires expertise in such domain, as the data is huge and critical. 

 

Electronic collaboration: The courts need to electronically collaborate with other related organizations like, Police Stations, Medical organizations, Government, Financial Institutions, etc., in terms of faster data exchange. The collaboration should be at all levels from data exchange to virtual interactions for the purpose of court proceedings.

Minimize physical presence in courts: As the financial organizations, Passport offices, Adhaar, Income Tax organization are now operating with minimal physical summoning of citizens to the organizations. Most of the transactions happen virtually. Optimum electronic infrastructure to be built in order to achieve the ideal virtual courts.

Role of BAR associations: BAR associations should be ready with infrastructure to cope with the changes in the court processes and management. The associations should also have the required infrastructure to educate, facilitate and manage the advocate fraternity. The BAR needs to make the lawyers ready to accept and cope with the modern methods of court management by providing

• Education to advocates on e-courts, virtual hearing, etc.
• Infrastructure arrangements for advocates in BAR association for adequate training
• Educate to establish virtual office to appear for court proceedings from home.
• Virtual offices for advocates who can appear in court proceedings through video conferences who cannot afford home offices.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR EFFECTIVE DIGITALIZATION FOR
 VIRTUAL COURTS CONCEPT AT DISTRICT COURT LEVEL 

Virtual Filing:
In the virtual filing concept, it is better to adapt INCOME TAX departments’ method. Here all the documents uploaded in “PDF”, “MICROSOFT EXCEL”, “XML”, etc. Courts need “IMAGE” files also in many of the cases in excess to what mentioned above. To realize the ideal virtual filing concept, advocates should be equipped with all the skills required. The staff require the adequate infrastructure and can be built by the help of the experts in the digital industry. 

 

Scrutiny:
Once the filing is done with all the documents digitally, the process after the filing at judicial service centre it will be directed to the scrutiny officer. If the proper software is implemented to cater this service, the scrutiny officer can do the same virtually in the computer system and assign to the typist to assign check list and ordersheet. Virtually the same will be sent to the pending branch for recheck. Once the pending branch authiticates it online the file will be virtually assigned to allocation branch for allotment and the court hall will be allotted and accepted in the computer system itself. All this process happen within an hour of the filing of a case. Here there is no presence of advocate or papers required in the process. The same file after the process will go to the designated court hall without delay and the Judicial officer can have look at the file in the computer system virtually and proceed. Another advantage of virtual process is that, the case files are safe, proper track of the case proceedings can be recorded, human interference is minimized and errors can also be minimized.

Pending Branch:
In the pending branch, the usual scenario is, the clerk is dictating the proceeding to the typist manually and partial information is fed in to the CIS system. With the efficient ERP/CRM and AI  implementation, the manual work and the physical file can be avoided to the great extent and the process will be faster. The same file would be available virtually to High Court as well as the Supreme Court at the same time with a single click. Here requests to send the physical files from lower court to High Court or Supreme Court can be avoided and lot of time can be saved.

Record Preserving:
As discussed above, majority of the case files are stored virtually, minimal physical records be stored if needed, then the records can be managed with modern technical methods like Materials Management or Production Management techniques.

Accounts Branch:  

Efficient processing of the below heads, complete digitalization is required with better software product.

1.    Fees/Stamp Duty/Penalty/Fine/ all kinds of fees collection
2.    Cheques issuing and Deposits
3.    Expenditures
4.    Auctions and Quotations
5.    Salary and Bills

BETTER DIGITAL MANAGEMENT AND INTEGRATION
FOR SUCCESSFUL VIRTUAL COURTS

Only the best software products can perform well under the tremendous data flow, else the systems perform inconsistently. For a better digital management of judicial processes in the district courts, the software product is the basic need. The software should be able to handle the below requirements. And also along with the product the Company should provide better technical support and customer care management of the software when the staff face technical issues. The systems are available with software products in the market and they are known best in the world.

1.    Huge data handling with “Zero” Errors
2.    Accessibility of the data with ease and from anywhere
3.    Efficient report generation  of the data in required format
4.    Efficient integration with the different software of the organization

For better court management and ease of doing work, each sections of the court should be digitally interconnected and the data should flow effortlessly and the software systems interact with each other with ease then only the ideal digitalization realized. There should absolutely no human interference in any of the process. And that can be achieved with a better and single ERP/CRM software which are available in the corporate world. For example the passport system is handled by a renowned software company of India and they are handling it better with efficiency. It is highly recommended to implement the modules mentioned below with integration to each other are,

 

Human Resource Management:
For successful digital management and bring in efficient virtual court concept Human resource management also one of the major functions. A better ERP can handle all  functions in a better way, without human interference.

•    Recruitment
•    Employee personal data
•    Employee salary/Payroll
•    Promotions
•    Transfer
•    Resource movement
•    Employee relieving

 

Accounts Management:
For successful digital management and bring in efficient virtual court concept financial management also one of the major functions. A better ERP can handle all financial functions in a better way, without human interference.

•    Court Fees
•    Stamp Duty
•    Penalty
•    Fine
•    Process Fees
•    Copying fees
•    Payroll
•    Cheque or E-payments
•    Expenditures

Customer Relationship Management:
For the advocates and litigants queries and information can be handled online having no human interaction. Physical presence of lawyer and litigants other than court processes can be reduced to the great extent, which will save valuable time of court as well as advocates. CRM software are available in the industry.

Materials Management:
Usually materials management is used in huge manufacturing companies for materials for better storing techniques to access safely and systematically. A scientific method to store the required materials in certain technique. The technology can be used to store the case files, properties and furnitures in the courts. The method is useful for safe storage and easy access. ERP systems are available in the industry.

Data Management:
The kind of data courts handle is huge, currently it is in physical form, and to make it digital, it is a huge task. Courts require data management techniques like Big Data, SAP or Data warehousing kind of technology for secure and efficient handling of data. The data should be accessible with ease. Many software products are available in the industry. All the fees and deposits can be through NEFT, the reports will be available online.

                          SUFFICIENT TRAINING TO THE GROUND LEVEL STAFF

It is undisputed that the ground level employees are one among the important driving forces of the court proceedings. Looking at the staff pattern and recruitment rules, most of the official are under graduates, who have very minimal exposure to the digital technology. Today, we are moving towards the digitalization of the courts and it should be from the ground level for effective implementation of digitalization. In order to realize the optimistic vision of the digitalized courts, employees must be trained, equipped with required infrastructure and modify future recruitment rules. 

 
Training to staff deputed in Judicial Service Centre:
•    The staff should be adequately given the infrastructure like better computer  

      system, scanner,
      Digital e payment processing, etc.
•    As there will be only e-filing and e-payments interaction with advocates is 

      minimal. Therefore
      better training on digital system and management training to be given.

Training to Scrutiny staff:
•    Training on using the computer system adapted
•    Query raising digitally

Training to Court Hall Bench Clerk:
•    Computer knowledge and training to the Bench clerk
•    Training to understand the process of the file and storing

Training to Court Pending Clerk:
•    Digital file management
•    File storing and updating the file maintaining the process of the file digitally

Training to Accounts and Administration Branch:
•   Human resource management system and Financial management system
Training to be given to the staff as the entire process of human resource and finance management can be integrated and work in coordination.
Training to Stenographers and Judgment writers:
The orders and judgments are part of the file and should be assigned to the concerned file digitally with a single click. The training is crucial in this regard. The file, data and details will be ready with file in the system, the order and judgments should be assigned to the file, the same would be available to the system anywhere required.

CONCLUSION

As we are moving towards the paperless and cashless society, it is a must to cope with the social development to be relevant. As other organisations, Judiciary also need to adapt the new normal i,e., virtual court processes. Need a rigorous planning and management. Hoping to realise the virtual court system in Indian Judiciary.

By
Vijay Gaddigimath
Bangalore
Suggestions and feedback appreciated, like to receive.
Contact:9513880111
Mail:vijaymgdg@gmail.com

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: A super human, still relevant in all aspects of society

 

Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar a personality truly stands separate among all the freedom fighters of India. By his futuristic vision about society, economy, politics and religion the world looked up to him not as a person, but a force. His impeccable hunger for knowledge to serve and uplift the underprivileged and discriminated people driven him to acquire greater qualifications. His vision is to build India socially, economically and politically strong.  Dr. Ambedkar's argument to uplift the discriminated people and society is relevant even now in the 21^st century. It is not only relevant to India, but the continents like Africa, Asia and America. The discrimination is still persistent in one or the other way across the world. The basic idea about nation of Dr. Ambedkar is the culmination of various socio-economic measures in building a great nation. Further taking his idea of a nation, we can understand that the nations are nothing but the human establishments through various societies, in fact it is not wrong to say that a nation is nothing but a huge society.  The nations prosper only when the societies prosper.  After all, the nations are formed to take care of the human beings belong to it. These ideas, thoughts and visions of Dr. Ambedkar inspire us, the ideas were such futuristic in the era where people could not even imagine and were suffering under the atrocities of other nations on them.  By these acts Dr B.R. Ambedkar stands tall as one of the eminent intellectual figures of modern India.

  

His quest for knowledge:

Ambedkar born in to a poor low (Dalit) caste family, who were treated as untouchables in India, they were subjected to socio-economic discrimination. Ambedkar, attended schooling with great difficulty as the social atmosphere was not so favouring for the lower caste people to educate themselves. He was the only person to complete higher secondary school in his community. In 1907 he passed matriculation and got the admission in Elphinstone College Mumbai.  Obtained the degree in economics and political science in 1912, from Bombay University. His quest for knowledge did not stop here, instead of taking up government job he decided to study further. In 1913 moved to United States to study further by the help of a scholarship. Acquired master’s degree in Economics, Sociology, anthropology, History and Philosophy from Columbia University, NY. Presented a theses on “Ancient Indian Commerce” and second theses “National Dividend of India” for another MA. In 1927 he was awarded PhD in Economics for the third theses.

The urge to acquire knowledge was so high that most of the eminent people of that era could not imagine what Dr. Ambedkar achieved. His vision was to serve the people of his country to help the underprivileged. His study and knowledge yielded and a better social structure was developed by him. He was the key scholar in building our nation socially and economically. Culminating all his knowledge in to building a democratic nation after independence, was a tremendous work.  His enormous contribution in drafting our constitution with vision of making India progressive was undisputed.  His constant efforts to acquire the knowledge was the force behind making him the legendary Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

His envisioned social equality is as relevant even now as it was in 1950s, not only in India, across the world. His ideas are the pillars of Super power India. Today, if a tea seller become Prime Minister of India was the vision Dr. Ambedkar had.  Today, if a Dalit become President of India  was the vision Dr. Ambedkar had. That’s why I call

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, a Super Human.

Champion of social equality in India:

Ambedkar, as a child faced the social stigma, untouchability in every phase of his childhood, student life and even in early job as lecturer. Ambedkar opposed the social system which allowed untouchability. The era had social structure which alienated certain people socially based on the caste they belonged. India needed a champion like him to get rid of the evil tradition. He advocated, that if India needs to achieve higher goals then the system like untouchability in society to be eradicated. A society can only grow if the members of the society get accessibility to education, the society should not be deprived of the education on the basis of caste. Social equality plays a major role in nations' social and economic development, hence Dr. Ambedkar fought for the rights of the discriminated people of the society.

In Southborough Committee, which was preparing the Government of India Act 1919, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorate and reservations for untouchables and other castes. He continued his social reformation activities, started a weekly “Mooknayak” (Leader of the silent) in Mumbai. His determination to uplift the discriminated was notable and appreciated across the world.  In 1927 he launched active movements against Untouchability. He began public movements and marches to open up public drinking water resources, which were accessible only to the upper caste people. Also right to enter the Hindu temples.

Started Satyagraha to allow the untouchables to draw water from the main tank of the town.

The result the strong movement by Dr. Ambedkar against the untouchability, the Poona Pact took place. M.R. Jayakar, Tej Bahadur Sapru and Ambedkar at Yerwada jail, in Poona, on 24 September 1932, the day the Poona Pact was signed. Instead of separate electorate announcement by British in 1932 for depressed classes; as a result of Mahatma Gandhi's reluctance to the division of people on the bases caste, the representation was given to the discriminated castes in the legislature. The “depressed class” to denote untouchables among Hindus referred by the British, later called “scheduled castes” and “scheduled tribes”.

The inclusive development of the society lead to a greater nation. Dr. Ambedkar's reformative measures are included in Indian Constitution. Reservation system in government jobs for the discriminated scheduled castes and scheduled tribes was the topic majorly discussed. Even now also the privileges given for SC/ST in government schemes and jobs are undisputed and contributing to the growth of India. However, we cannot deny that there are arguments in favour and against of the reservation system in jobs, it is debatable. 

Social Equality in modern India and its success story:

India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. It is the result of the well informed citizens of India. Buying capacity of the huge 130 crore people. Ability to interact with world and understand the economy. All these were possible because of the government measures of equality and accessibility of education and doctrine of Dr. Ambedkar's socio-economic equality among the discriminated societies.

Today, India is among the top performing country in IT/BPO/BT industries in the world. Entire India is contributing to the growth of the Indian success story. This all was possible because the movement of social equality in Indian continent. Dr. Ambedkar’s vision and his dream of great India is realised now and that's why he is seen as a Super Human, who could think a 100 years ahead.

Chairman of Constitution Drafting Committe:

Became first law minister of Independent India on 29^th August 1947.  He was appointed Chairman of Constitution Drafting Committee.  Was appointed by assembly to write India's new Constitution.

 

Members of the constitution Committee: Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar, N. Gopalaswami, B.R. Ambedkar, K.M Munshi, Mohammad Saadulla, B.L. Mitter and D.P. Khaitan.

Dr. B.R Ambedkar elected as Chairman of the Drafting Committee in its first meeting on 30th August 1947.

 

His work on Constitution was commendable and got appreciations from across the world for far versioned and inclusive constitution. The guarantees and protection from the Constitution for the citizens, wide range of civil liberties, freedom of religion, abolition of untouchability and discrimination on the bases of caste and creed, etc. The vision to provide economic and social freedom for women was revolutionary thought of the era where women coming out was seen as a stigma. Dr. Ambedkar made the Constitution an acclaimed master piece in the world by its unique, pro developmental and socio-economic clarity. Today, India is beaming with the success through the fundamental platform provided by the Constitution. Dr. B.R. Ambedakar's vision and clarity of though made India a possibility and a great nation.

Article 370: His Views:

In India, today the most discussed topic is abolition of Article 370, which had given a special status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It was NDA government abolished the same on 5^th August 2019 and integrated the state with the Nation.

While introducing article 370 in the Constitution of India, the nationalist Dr. B.R. Ambedkar opposed the same and that was included against his wish.

Ambedkar had clearly told the Kashmiri leader, Sheikh Abdullah: "You wish India should protect your borders, she should build roads in your area, she should supply you food grains, and Kashmir should get equal status as India. But Government of India should have only limited powers and Indian people should have no rights in Kashmir. To give consent to this proposal, would be a treacherous thing against the interests of India and I, as the Law Minister of India, will never do it."

 

The article came up for a discussion in the absence of Nehru, however Dr. Ambedkar did not reply to question on it. All arguments are done by Krishna Swami Ayyangar. By the above statement it was very clear that Dr. Ambedkar did not want to include article 370 which was a weak link to the sovereignty of India. His vision was so clear for Kashmir and opposed article 370. Whole world knows about the terrorism and atrocities on Kashmiri Hindus because of the article 370. Until 2019 Kashmir was a burning issue of India and was used as weapon against India by enemies. Finally his vision was realised by the NDA government through abrogation of article 370 on 5^th August 2019.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Uniform Civil Code:

No doubt that a scholar who proved himself in academics in most acclaimed universities of the world. Be it Economics, Anthropology, Sociology, History, Philosophy, etc. He was a true son of India, always fought for betterment of India and her people. His vision for India was an unbiased society, economically strong and politically mature country. To reform Indian society he wanted to recommend adoption of Uniform Civil Code. However he could not succeed. He was very well aware of the future of India and he wanted a better solution for it through uniform civil code. It was the sad day that his recommendation was stalled and even now India is suffering because of the different law for each religion.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and his vision for India’s economy:

As an acclaimed economic scholar, Dr. Ambedkar served the nation to make it economically stronger. His fundamental argument to develop people and nation socio-economically was the strength in building independent India. He had presented several papers on economy and got doctorate from abroad. He advocated to invest in Agriculture as a primary industry of India. From thousands of years the agriculture is not only a primary source of economy but a religion for India. India has always been an agricultural land. Encashing the same, Dr. Ambedkar wanted to develop as an industry and be world leader in the food industry. Any one can imagine his vision which is still relevant, even now also India is majorly an agricultural land. Till today agriculture is a most neglected sector. He advocated the socio-economic development, public hygiene, community health, basic amenities to the citizens are still relevant to India even after 60 years. Establishing Finance Commission, income tax regulations, Land revenue tax, excise duty policies, etc., are the tremendous contribution to stabilise Indian economy. 

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, always remembered as a visionary, scholar, economist, social reformer, leader and a great nationalist. I salute to the great soul and submit this article as a tribute to the super human. Jai Hind.

By Vijay Guruswami Gaddigimath (Vijay Gadag)

References:

THE STRUGGLE FOR HUMAN DIGNITY: DR. B.R. AMBEDKAR’S PERSPECTIVE

By Jayadev Sahoo, Wikipedia,

https://www.constitutionofindia.net/constitution_making_process/drafting_commitee